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| Renewable Energy Information |
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 What is Renewable Energy?How does Renewable Energy affect the supply of electricity?Why use Renewable Energy?EPE's emission ratesWhat are the disadvantages of Renewable Energy?EPE's participation in Renewable EnergyHow much Renewable Energy do we have?Where does your electricity come from?Information on Renewable Energy from InfinitePower.orgTypes of Renewable EnergyWind EnergySolar EnergyBiomass EnergyGeothermal EnergyHydropower EnergyKids Corner for Renewable EnergyWhat is Renewable Energy? Renewable
energy is any technology that exclusively relies on an energy source
that is naturally regenerated over a short time and derived directly
from the sun, indirectly from the sun, or from moving water or other
natural movements and mechanisms of the environment. Renewable energy
technologies include those that rely on energy derived directly from
the sun, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave or tidal energy, or on
biomass or biomass-based waste products, including landfill gas. In simpler words, renewable energy is derived from
resources that can never be used up. It is an energy source that is
either infinite (the sun, wind and water) or constantly renewing, like
municipal solid waste. These sources of energy do not rely on nuclear
reaction or fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal or oil.Also, renewable resources provide flexibility and
can be used in large-scale wind, solar electric power plants, or on the
rooftops of residential and commercial facilities for electricity and
water heating purposes.How Does Renewable Energy Affect the Supply of Electricity?When homeowners install renewable energy resources
in their homes, such as solar water heating, they can control and/or
reduce their demand for electricity from the local utility. In
conjunction with this, when utilities use resources such as solar and
wind, the energy generated is added to the supply of electricity
available to all customers.Why Use Renewable Energy? Renewable resources are much cleaner than the
traditional fossil or nuclear fuels used to generate electricity. There
are no or minimal emissions or waste associated with renewable
resources to pollute the environment. Electricity generated through
solar, wind and water resources will be available to us as long as the
sun shines, wind blows, or water flows.El Paso Electric Emission RatesThe following table summarizes the level of emissions for El Paso Electric's nuclear and fossil fueled generation. El Paso Electric Emission Rates - For 2007
| Suspended
Particulates | Sulfur
Dioxide | Nitrogen
Oxide | Carbon
Dioxide | Volatile
Organic
Compounds | Carbon
Monoxide | Total Emissions
(tons / year) | 100.275 | 540.0 | 4,393.3 | 2,462,776 | 160.15 | 594.9 | Emission Rates
(tons/MWH) | 3.72x10-5 | 0.0002 | 0.00162 | 0.91299 | 5.937x10-5 | 0.000225 |
Total Avoided Emissions by Customer Type Attributed to EPE Renewable Energy
(shown in lbs /year per customer)
 | Suspended Particulates
lbs/year | Sulfur Dioxide
lbs/year | Nitrogen
Oxide
lbs/year | Carbon Dioxide
lbs/year | Volatile
Organic
Compounds lbs/year | Carbon Monoxide
lbs/year | | Residential Customer | 15.87 | 85.49 | 695.49 | 389,872 | 25.35 | 94.17 | | Commercial Customer; small | 15.76 | 84.86 | 690.43 | 387,036 | 25.17 | 93.49 | | Industrial Customer; large | 8.50 | 45.76 | 372.26 | 208,679 | 13.57 | 50.41 | | Public Authorities | 9.84 | 53.01 | 431.24 | 241,742 | 15.72 | 58.39 | | Other | 4.74 | 25.51 | 207.52 | 116,331 | 7.57 | 28.10 |
Additionally, renewable resources such as biomass
and landfill gas can regenerate over a short period of time. However,
it takes millions of years for fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas
to form in our earth's crust, and each of these exist in finite amounts.
Perhaps one of the most important advantages of
using renewable resources is due to the conservation of ground water in
the El Paso area. It takes a lot of water to generate electricity in
conventionally fired boilers. On average, it takes about 800 gallons of
water to generate 1 megawatt-hour (1,000 kWh) of electricity at local
generating plants which is enough energy to supply about 2 homes for
one month. Using renewable resources will reduce the need to use this
water in the generation of electricity, thereby conserving a very
important natural resource in the area.
What are the Disadvantages of Renewable Energy?
The disadvantage of using renewable energy is
associated with the cost of delivering electricity to the user. It
costs more on average to build and maintain a renewable energy plant
than it does to generate electricity from fossil or nuclear plants.
However, as more demand for renewable power increases in the country
and as manufacturing techniques improve, the associated costs will
decline. But in the mean time, many consumers are willing to pay the
premium costs associated with renewable energy because of the benefits
it provides toward a cleaner environment and conservation of limited
resources.
El Paso Electric's Participation in Renewable Energy
In August 1997, El Paso Electric conducted a survey
of 1,000 EPE customers to gather customer views on energy needs. In
this survey, customers expressed concerns about the impact that fossil
fueled generation has on the environment. Customers also expressed a
strong interest in EPE using renewable energy resources, such as wind
and solar power, for generating electricity.
In response, EPE contracted to build a local wind
turbine plant. This plant will generate approximately 1.32 MW
(megawatt) of power, which is enough to provide electricity to about
500 homes per month.
El Paso Electric's new wind turbine plant is located in Hudspeth County, south of the Carlsbad Highway in the Hueco Mountains.
How Much Renewable Energy Does Texas Presently Have and How Much Will Be Needed in the Future?
Texas now has approximately 1063 megawatts (MW) of
renewable resource projects in operation, and more than 790 MW planned
for development. Recent laws call for a total of 1,280 MW by 2003,
1,730 MW by 2005, 2,280 MW by 2007 and 2,880 MW by 2009. The Public
Utility Commission of Texas estimates this 2,880 MW of renewable
resources will provide enough electricity to power approximately
650,000 Texas homes a year.
Where Does Your Electricity Come From?
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
The following table summarizes the percentage
contribution of nuclear fuel, natural gas, coal and purchased power to
the total kWh energy mix of El Paso Electric Company.
| Power Source | Year 2007 | Nuclear Fuel
| 43% | | Natural Gas | 28% | | Coal | 7% | | Purchased Power | 22% | | Renewable | <1% | | Total | 100% |
For a more in-depth explanation of Renewable Energy resources, click on the following InfinitePower.org links:Introduction to Renewable EnergyThe Infinite Power of TexasTypes of Renewable EnergyWIND ENERGY Wind
turbines capture the wind's energy with two or three propeller-like
blades, which are mounted on a rotor to generate electricity. The
turbines sit high atop towers, taking advantage of the stronger and
less turbulent wind at 100 feet (30 meters) or more aboveground. A blade acts much like an airplane wing. When the
wind blows, a pocket of low-pressure air forms on the downwind side of
the blade. The low-pressure air pocket then pulls the blade toward it,
causing the rotor to turn. This is called lift. The force of the lift
is actually much stronger than the wind's force against the front side
of the blade, which is called drag. The combination of lift and drag
causes the rotor to spin like a propeller, and the turning shaft spins
a generator to make electricity. Wind turbines can be used as stand-alone
applications, or they can be connected to a utility power grid or even
combined with a photovoltaic (solar cell) system. Stand-alone turbines
are typically used for water pumping or communications. However,
homeowners and farmers in windy areas can also use turbines to generate
electricity. For utility-scale sources of wind energy, a large number
of turbines are usually built close together to form a wind farm.
Several electricity providers today use wind farms to supply power to
their customers. Wind Energy Web Site Hot Links U.S. Department of EnergySandia National Laboratory - Wind Energy American Wind Energy Association Utility Wind Interest GroupSOLAR ENERGY Solar
collectors are at the heart of most active solar energy systems. The
collector absorbs the sun's light energy and changes it into heat
energy. This thermal energy can then be used to provide heated water
for residential or commercial use, to provide space heating or cooling,
or for many other applications where fossil fuels might otherwise be
used. CollectorsSolar thermal collectors are the key component of
active solar systems, and are designed to meet the specific temperature
requirements and climate conditions for the different end-uses. There
are several types of solar collectors: · Flat-plate collectors · Evacuated-tube collectors · Concentrating collectors · Transpired air collectors Residential and commercial building applications
that require temperatures below 200°F typically use flat-plate or
transpired air collectors, whereas those requiring temperatures greater
than 200°F use evacuated-tube or concentrating collectors. Flat-plate collectors are the most common collector
for residential water-heating and space-heating installations. A
typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or
plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate.
These collectors heat either liquid or air at low temperatures (less
than 180°F). Liquid flat-plate collectors heat liquid as it flows
through tubes in or adjacent to the absorber plate. The simplest liquid
systems use potable household water, which is heated as it passes
directly through the collector and then flows to the house. Swimming pool–heating systems use liquid flat-plate
collector technology. The pool's existing filtration system pumps water
through the solar collectors, and the collected heat is transferred
into the pool. Because solar pool-heating collectors operate just
slightly warmer than the surrounding air temperature, these systems
typically use inexpensive, unglazed low-temperature collectors made
from specially formulated plastic materials. Typically, glazed
(glass-covered) solar collectors usually are not used in pool-heating
applications, except for indoor pools, hot tubs, or spas in colder
climates. In some cases, unglazed copper or copper-aluminum solar
collectors are used.Air flat-plate collectors are used primarily for
space heating. The absorber plates in air collectors can be metal
sheets, layers of screen, or non-metallic materials. The air flows past
the absorber by using natural convection or a fan. Because air conducts
heat much less readily than liquid does, less heat is transferred from
an air collector's absorber than from a liquid collector's absorber. Integral collector storage (ICS) collectors (also
called "batch" or "breadbox" water heaters) combine the collector and
storage tank into an insulated box with a glazed side facing the sun.
The sun shining into the collector strikes the storage tank, directly
heating the water. In colder climates, the use of double glazing and
selective surfaces will prevent freeze damage to the collector. In even
mildly cold climates, installation and maintenance of insulation is
needed to prevent supply and return pipes from freezing Evacuated-tube collectors are typically more
efficient at higher temperatures than flat-plate collectors. In an
evacuated-tube collector, sunlight enters through the outer glass tube
and strikes the absorber, where the energy is converted to heat. The
heat is transferred to the liquid flowing through the absorber. The
collector consists of rows of parallel transparent glass tubes, each of
which contains an absorber covered with a selective coating. The
absorber typically is a tin-tube design, although cylindrical absorbers
also are used. When evacuated tubes are manufactured, air is
evacuated from the space between the two tubes, forming a vacuum.
Convective and conductive heat losses are eliminated because there is
no air to convect or conduct heat. As a result, evacuated-tube collectors are more
efficient at higher temperatures than flat-plate collectors. They
perform well in both direct and diffuse solar radiation. Evacuated-tube
collectors are more appropriate for most commercial and industrial
applications due to the extremely high temperatures they can achieve
(170°-350°F). However, evacuated-tube collectors are more expensive
than flate-plate collectors. Concentrating collectors use curved mirrors to
concentrate sunlight on the receiver at up to 60 times its normal
intensity. These high-temperature systems are used primarily in
commercial and industrial applications. Parabolic trough collectors use trough-shaped
reflectors that concentrate sunlight on a receiver tube running along
the reflector's focal line, achieving much higher temperatures than
flat-plate or evacuated-tube collectors. These systems usually include
a mechanical control system that keeps the trough reflector pointed at
the sun throughout the day. Parabolic-trough concentrating systems can
provide hot water and steam, and are generally used in commercial and
industrial applications. Compound parabolic concentrating collectors (CPCCs)
use mirrored surfaces to concentrate the sun's energy on an absorber
called a receiver, similar to parabolic trough collectors. CPCCs
achieve moderate concentration and moderately high temperatures but,
unlike parabolic trough collectors, they can collect both direct and
diffuse sunlight and don't require an automated sun-tracking system.
CPCCs are being evaluated for use in commercial applications where
higher temperatures are required. Transpired air collectors are made of dark,
perforated metal. The sun heats the metal, and a fan pulls ambient air
through the holes in the metal, which heats the air. They have been
used for pre-heating ventilation air and for crop drying. Transpired air collectors have achieved efficiencies
of more than 70% in some commercial applications. Because they require
no glazing or insulation, transpired air collectors are inexpensive to
manufacture. All these factors result in a very cost-effective source
of solar heat. In fact, R&D Magazine recognized transpired air
collectors as one of the 100 most important technology innovations in
1995! Photovoltaic Photovoltaic (or PV) systems convert light energy
into electricity. The term "photo" is a stem from the Greek "phos,"
which means "light." "Volt" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827),
a pioneer in the study of electricity. "Photo-voltaics," then, could
literally mean "light-electricity." Most commonly known as "solar
cells," PV systems are already an important part of our lives. The
simplest systems power many of the small calculators and wrist watches
we use every day. More complicated systems provide electricity for
pumping water, powering communications equipment, and even lighting our
homes and running our appliances. In a surprising number of cases, PV
power is the cheapest form of electricity for performing these tasks. Solar Energy Web Site Hot Links U.S. Department of EnergySandia National Laboratory Caddet Renewable Energy Organization American Solar Energy Society El Paso Solar Energy AssociationNew Mexico Solar Energy AssociationBIOMASS ENERGY Biomass
(organic matter) can be used to provide heat, make fuels, and generate
electricity. This is called bioenergy. Wood, the largest source of
bioenergy, has been used to provide heat for thousands of years. But
there are many other types of biomass—such as plants, residue from
agriculture or forestry, and the organic component of municipal and
industrial wastes—that can now be used as an energy source. Today, many
bioenergy resources are replenished through the cultivation of energy
crops, such as fast-growing trees and grasses, called bioenergy
feedstocks. Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can
be converted directly into liquid fuels for our transportation needs.
The two most common biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Ethanol, an
alcohol, is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates, like
corn, through a process similar to brewing beer. It is mostly used as a
fuel additive to cut down a vehicle's carbon monoxide and other
smog-causing emissions. Biodiesel, an ester, is made using vegetable
oils, animal fats, algae, or even recycled cooking greases. It can be
used as a diesel additive to reduce vehicle emissions or in its pure
form to fuel a vehicle. Heat can be used to chemically convert biomass into
a fuel oil, which can be burned like petroleum to generate electricity.
Biomass can also be burned directly to produce steam for electricity
production or manufacturing processes. In a power plant, a turbine
usually captures the steam, and a generator then converts it into
electricity. In the lumber and paper industries, wood scraps are
sometimes directly fed into boilers to produce steam for their
manufacturing processes or to heat their buildings. Some coal-fired
power plants use biomass as a supplementary energy source in
high-efficiency boilers to significantly reduce emissions. Even gas can be produced from biomass for generating
electricity. Gasification systems use high temperatures to convert
biomass into a gas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and
methane). The gas fuels a turbine, which is very much like a jet
engine, only it turns an electric generator instead of propelling a
jet. The decay of biomass in landfills also produces a gas—methane—that
can be burned in a boiler to produce steam for electricity generation
or for industrial processes. New technology could lead to using biobased
chemicals and materials to make products such as anti-freeze, plastics,
and personal care items that are now made from petroleum. In some cases
these products may be completely biodegradable. While technology to
bring biobased chemicals and materials to market is still under
development, the potential benefit of these products is great. Biomass Energy Web Site Hot Links Caddet Renewable Energy Organization U.S. Department of Energy Biomass Program National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's
clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the
shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the
Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high
temperatures of molten rock called magma. Almost everywhere, the shallow ground or upper 10
feet of the Earth's surface maintains a nearly constant temperature
between 50° and 60°F (10° and 16°C). Geothermal heat pumps can tap into
this resource to heat and cool buildings. A geothermal heat pump system
consists of a heat pump, an air delivery system (ductwork), and a heat
exchanger—a system of pipes buried in the shallow ground near the
building. In the winter, the heat pump removes heat from the heat
exchanger and pumps it into the indoor air delivery system. In the
summer, the process is reversed, and the heat pump moves heat from the
indoor air into the heat exchanger. The heat removed from the indoor
air during the summer can also be used to provide a free source of hot
water.  In
the United States, most geothermal reservoirs of hot water are located
in the western states, Alaska, and Hawaii. Wells can be drilled into
underground reservoirs for the generation of electricity. Some
geothermal power plants use the steam from a reservoir to power a
turbine/generator, while others use the hot water to boil a working
fluid that vaporizes and then turns a turbine. Hot water near the
surface of Earth can be used directly for heat. Direct-use applications
include heating buildings, growing plants in greenhouses, drying crops,
heating water at fish farms, and several industrial processes such as
pasteurizing milk. Hot dry rock resources occur at depths of 3 to 5
miles everywhere beneath the Earth's surface and at lesser depths in
certain areas. Access to these resources involves injecting cold water
down one well, circulating it through hot fractured rock, and drawing
off the heated water from another well. Currently, there are no
commercial applications of this technology. Also, existing technology
does not yet allow recovery of heat directly from magma, the very deep
and most powerful resource of geothermal energy.Geothermal Energy Web Site Hot Links U.S. Department of Energy Caddet Renewable Energy Organization National Renewable Energy Laboratory Geothermal Education OfficeHYDROPOWER ENERGYFlowing water creates energy that can be captured
and turned into electricity. This is called hydropower. Hydropower is
currently the largest source of renewable power, generating nearly 10%
of the electricity used in the United States. The most common type of hydropower plant uses a dam
on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water released from the
reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which, in turn,
activates a generator to produce electricity. But hydropower doesn't
necessarily require a large dam. Some hydropower plants just use a
small canal to channel the river water through a turbine. Another type of hydropower plant—called a pumped
storage plant—can even store power. The power is sent from a power grid
into the electric generators. The generators then spin the turbines
backward, which causes the turbines to pump water from a river or lower
reservoir to an upper reservoir, where the power is stored. To use the
power, the water is released from the upper reservoir back down into
the river or lower reservoir. This spins the turbines forward,
activating the generators to produce electricity. Hydro Energy Web Site Hot LinksU.S. Department of Energy Caddet Renewable Energy OrganizationGeneral Renewable Energy LinksCaddet Renewable Energy Organization Oak Ridge National Laboratory Energy Information Administration Renewable Energy in Texas National Renewable Energy Laboratory American Council for an Energy-Efficiency Economy Energy Information Administration - New MexicoU.S. Department of EnergyNew Mexico Energy, Mineral & Natural Resources DepartmentKid's Corner For Renewable EnergyKids will enjoy this site on Energy-Efficiency and
Renewable Energy Network (EREN), which rounds up the best Web sites for
them to learn about energy efficiency and renewable energy. The site
provides links to information on wind, solar, geothermal, and
alternative fuels, as well as links to general sites on renewable
energy and energy efficiency. And to keep it fun, an elastic trail of
bouncy spheres follows your cursor wherever it goes! |
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